Dental trauma in children: monitoring, management, and challenges-a narrative review.

Background and objective: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in children pose a significant public health challenge, with a global prevalence of 20-30%. These injuries predominantly affect preschool-aged children (1-3 years) due to underdeveloped motor coordination, while school-aged children face risks from sports and accidents. Maxillary central incisors are most commonly involved, often leading to complications such as pulp necrosis, root resorption, and malocclusion, which impair long-term oral function and aesthetics. Socioeconomic disparities exacerbate outcomes, with higher prevalence and severity in low-resource settings. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the classification, risk factors, diagnostic advancements, and management strategies for pediatric TDI, focusing on emerging technologies and biologically driven therapies.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, prioritizing studies from the past decade (2015-2025). Key topics included epidemiology, International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) classification, pulp vitality assessment (e.g., laser Doppler flowmetry, pulse oximetry), regenerative endodontics, and preventive interventions.

Key content and findings: The IADT guidelines provide a standardized framework for TDI classification and management. Modern diagnostic tools improve accuracy in detecting pulp vitality and root fractures. Bioceramic materials and stem cell-based therapies show promise in preserving pulp vitality and promoting periodontal healing. Preventive strategies, including educational programs and mouthguard policies, demonstrate efficacy in reducing TDI incidence.

Conclusions: Pediatric TDI require multidisciplinary management combining accurate diagnosis, biologically driven treatments, and preventive measures. Future research should prioritize longitudinal outcome studies and the integration of artificial intelligence in trauma assessment.