Magnetic field-assisted electrodeposition: Mechanisms, materials, and multifunctional applications

Magnetic field-assisted electrodeposition (MFAED) is an emerging electrochemical strategy for tailoring functional coatings with controllable morphology, crystallographic orientation, and interfacial properties. By introducing external magnetic fields, MFAED dynamically regulates ion transport, nucleation kinetics, and grain growth through Lorentz forces, magnetic field gradients, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convection. These field-induced phenomena enhance mass transport and promote anisotropic crystal evolution, effectively addressing limitations associated with conventional electrodeposition. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MFAED fundamentals, including magnetic field configurations, deposition mechanisms, and the influence of field strength and orientation on structure–property relationships. Recent progress in multiphysics modeling is also examined to elucidate coupled electrochemical–hydrodynamic interactions and inform process optimization strategies. Representative applications of MFAED in energy storage, microelectronics, and biomedical coatings are discussed, with emphasis on improvements in catalytic activity, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Persistent challenges—such as limited scalability, inconsistent coating uniformity, and incomplete understanding of coupled-field phenomena—are critically assessed. Future research directions are highlighted, including the integration of programmable field control, coupling with hybrid stimuli (e.g., ultrasound, pulsed currents), and application to flexible or topographically complex substrates. Collectively, these insights establish a foundation for advancing MFAED as a versatile platform for next-generation surface and interface engineering.