Zebrafish as a Versatile Model Organism: From Tanks to Treatment

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have gained prominence as a model organism in biomedical research due to its genetic accessibility, optical transparency during embryonic development, and physiological similarities to humans. These traits make zebrafish ideal for studying various human diseases, though broader insights into their diverse applications are still needed. This review explores zebrafish as a versatile model for studying both communicable and non-communicable diseases. In communicable diseases, it has become a powerful model for studying host–pathogen interactions, immune responses, and therapeutic screening, with its transparency enabling real-time tracking of infections. Robust models also exist for many bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, supported by early innate immune cell development. Additionally, microinjection techniques enable precise local or systemic infections, making zebrafish a versatile, high-resolution model for studying disease mechanisms. For non-communicable diseases, zebrafish support research on cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. This review highlights recent advances in using zebrafish to study disease mechanisms, drug discovery, and therapies. It underscores the academic and translational value of zebrafish, promoting innovative strategies to improve human health outcomes. Their versatility across disciplines makes them an effective tool for both fundamental research and biomedical education, positioning them as a bridge between basic science and clinical applications.