A qualitative risk ranking approach of chemical contaminants for industrial needs: A case study on milk and dairy products

Milk and dairy products are an important part of a healthy diet for many. Like all food products, they require constant vigilance for existing and emerging contaminants. Monitoring chemical contamination and managing the associated risks have become a top priority for dairy companies. Traditional risk ranking methods are mainly research-focused, requiring the understanding of complex numerical terms and extensive calculations. Therefore, in this study, a qualitative risk ranking approach was developed for companies to conduct a simple and quick prioritisation of the most significant hazards requiring investigation or interventions. To ensure product safety for health benefits and regulatory compliance, both health risk and policy risk were assessed following decision trees. Subsequently, chemicals were categorised into Tier 1 (RED), Tier 2 (AMBER), or Tier 3 (GREEN). Case studies demonstrate the practical applicability of the method through the analysis of literature data on three types of chemical hazards: established hazards (Aflatoxin M1), risk re-evaluation (Bisphenol A), and emerging contaminants (Per- and Polyfluorinated substances). The method provides a preliminary screening demanding a careful interpretation of results by users. Overall, the qualitative approach assists individual companies to use their own data and monitoring information to classify and prioritise chemical hazards.