A novel endovascular approach using transcalvarial emissary vein access for scalp and skull base AVMs: Case report

Introduction and importance

Scalp arteriovenous malformations (SAVMs) are rare high-flow vascular lesions with complex angioarchitecture, often involving both superficial and deep components. When the malformation extends toward the skull base or includes deep venous drainage, traditional transarterial or percutaneous access may be insufficient. While direct puncture techniques have gained traction, transosseous access via emissary veins has not previously been described.

Case presentation

A 12-year-old girl presented with a pulsatile, fluctuant swelling over the left forehead and localized headache. Imaging revealed a mixed-type SAVM involving the left sphenoid ridge, frontal bone, and scalp, supplied by the ophthalmic artery and cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery, with multiple draining veins. Due to tortuous arterial feeders and the risk of non-target embolization, conventional transarterial access was deemed unsafe. A transcalvarial micropuncture technique was employed through a burr hole targeting an emissary vein, granting direct access to a deep venous pouch. Under fluoroscopic guidance, detachable coils were deployed, achieving complete angiographic obliteration. The patient remained neurologically intact, with no complications and an excellent cosmetic outcome. Follow-up imaging at 1, 3, and 6 months showed no recurrence.

Clinical discussion

This case demonstrates the feasibility of using a transosseous emissary vein approach for embolization of complex SAVMs. When conventional access is limited, this technique offers precise, direct venous access with reduced morbidity.

Conclusion

This is the first reported case of SAVM embolization using transcalvarial micropuncture via an emissary vein. The technique presents a novel, safe, and effective adjunct in managing complex scalp AVMs involving the skull base.