Release mortality in Pacific salmon fisheries along the homing migration and recommended best practices to maximize welfare and survival

Release or discard of captured fish commonly occurs in commercial and recreational fisheries and can result in immediate fish mortality during capture or delayed mortality upon release. This review synthesizes data from Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) fisheries examining intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting Pacific salmon individual release mortality (RM) across species and fishing sectors as adult fish mature and transit from marine, to estuarine, to fresh water. RM risk was high (26–45 % observed mortality) in all fisheries and environments when captured fish were bleeding, had high levels of scale loss, had fin or eye damage, and were exposed to low oxygen from net crowding and exhaustion. Highest RM risk (>45 % observed mortality) was associated with gill net and purse seine fisheries. Air exposure and handling duration contributed to high RM when water temperatures in any environment exceeded 18°C. Estuarine and lower river environments have elevated RM risk due to osmotic, maturation, and temperature changes. Short to medium term (≤24 h) observations were poor predictors of longer-term RM, and observations of at least 5–10 days were needed to assess more complete RM rates. RM mechanisms were environment, fishery sector, and life-stage specific. Our best practice recommendations for modifying current fishing practices are gear- and location-specific and aim to minimise stress, injury, and bycatch, which could result in improvements to fish welfare, reductions in RM, and associated conservation benefits.