Clinical and Pathologic features of 535 Patients with Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group.

OBJECTIVE To explore clinicopathologic features of children with congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) enrolled on Children's Oncology Group study AREN03B2 and a historical cohort of CMN patients. BACKGROUND CMN is a pediatric renal tumor of infancy, with histologic subtypes of cellular, mixed, and classic. Given its rarity, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines are unavailable. We collected clinicopathologic findings and outcomes data in 2 large cohorts of children with CMN. METHODS From 2004-2019, 6412 patients enrolled in AREN03B2 and underwent prospective central review of pathology materials, imaging studies, and operative reports. CMNs were identified and subclassified. Similar data was extracted from a historical cohort of CMNs collected by pathology reviewers between 1973-2001. RESULTS In total, 535 children were included (139 from AREN03B2; 396 from the historical cohort). In the ARE03B2 cohort, 137 had available follow-up data (median follow-up: 4.5 y). Ten children (7.2%) relapsed, and 4/10 children died of disease. Four of 55 (7.3%) children with local stage II cellular or mixed CMNs relapsed, and 6/37 (16.2%) children with local stage III cellular or mixed CMNs relapsed. No child with local stage I or classic CMNs (of any stage) relapsed. All relapses occurred within 1.5 years of diagnosis, and 4/10 relapses occurred within 3 months. In the historical cohort, 31 children (7.8%) relapsed; all relapses were local stage II or III cellular or mixed. CONCLUSIONS While recurrences are uncommon, they are highly associated with cellular or mixed histologic subtypes and stage, providing key clinical information that may guide consideration of therapy and surveillance.