The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Brain-Peripheral Communication Following Ischemic Stroke: Implications for Neural Repair and Regeneration

Ischemic stroke (IS) triggers complex neuroinflammatory and regenerative responses that extend beyond the brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral cells, have emerged as key mediators of communication between the brain and peripheral organs following IS. EVs are capable of transporting bioactive molecules across theblood-brain barrier (BBB), modulating systemic immune responses, influencing neuroinflammation, and promoting tissue repair. Additionally, peripheral EVs derived from immune cells, adipose tissue, bone, and the gut microbiota can impact brain recovery processes. This narrative review explores the dynamic and bidirectional roles of EVs in brain-periphery communication after stroke, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Despite promising preclinical findings, further research is needed to standardize experimental protocols, clarify the mechanisms of EV action, and advance their translation into clinical applications.