Pathogens Association with Alzheimer Disease: Emerging Concepts and New Perspectives.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a significant global health challenge, distinguished by a complex pathology that involves the accumulation of abnormal proteins in the brain, leading to neuronal loss and brain atrophy. Recent research has indicated a potential association between various pathogens and the development of AD, suggesting that infectious pathogens may play a role in its pathology. The study focuses on the exploration of pathogens linked to AD. It aims to enhance the understanding of the disease's etiopathogenesis, which refers to the causes and development of the condition. The findings from this analysis have the potential to contribute to improved diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for AD. Overall, the manuscript highlights the importance of exploring infectious pathogens relating to neurodegenerative disorders. This comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Scopus, focusing on research published up to March 2025. Articles were searched based on keywords related to reviews and research exploring the association/link between different pathogens and AD, emerging interventions, preventive strategies, and limitations in study design. This study indicates that various viruses, bacteria, and fungi are significant contributors to the condition, while parasites and prions play a lesser role. Notably, the variability in pathogen species among patients could provide insights into the evolution and severity of clinical symptoms associated with the disease. Additionally, some studies propose that after modification, certain fungi may actually reduce the amyloid burden in Alzheimer's patients. However, it is crucial to emphasize that there is currently no definitive evidence supporting the notion that treating infections alone can prevent or cure AD. The prevention and treatment of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, as well as infectious prions, may play a significant role in reducing the risk of AD. Effective management of these pathogens can help to control and prevent further damage in individuals who have already been diagnosed with AD. There is a pressing need for additional pre-clinical and clinical research to deepen the understanding of the pathophysiological connections between pathogens and AD.