Therapy gone viral: Exploring the use of oncolytic viruses in non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy

Non-small cell lung cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Current treatment modalities for advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer can be intrusive, with limited efficacy and unfavourable side effect profiles. However, oncolytic viruses can be used to specifically target and kill cancer cells. These viruses cause cancer cells to self-destruct and trigger the body's immune response against the cancer. Many preclinical studies observed activation of an immune response, resulting in decreased tumour mass. However, translating these preclinical results to clinical studies has proved challenging. These treatments have shown improved side effect profiles in clinical trials, but many have failed to show statistical significance for improved efficacy. The primary objective of this review was to critically appraise studies to assess the potential benefits and clinical applications of oncolytic viral therapy to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Secondary aims included evaluating optimal delivery methods and considering adjuvant cancer therapies. Collaborative efforts and clinical trials are essential to optimise oncolytic virus combination therapies.