Candesartan Mitigates Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders by Modulating Hypertension-Linked Neuroinflammatory Factor

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are linked to neuroinflammation, a key factor in hypertension, but their causal relationship is underexplored. This study aims to investigate whether hypertension is a risk factor for PND, identify related neuroinflammatory targets, and determine if the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) candesartan can improve cognitive function in PND mouse models by modulating these targets. This study identified hypertension as a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction (OR = 1.0767, P = 0.0057) through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Subsequently, bioinformatics techniques were employed to identify the neuroinflammatory targets associated with hypertension for ARBs. Differential analysis revealed Bdkrb1, Ccr1, and Thbs1 were PND biomarkers associated with hypertension, confirmed by machine learning and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (area under the curve (AUC) > 0.9). Immune infiltration showed Thbs1 positively correlated with MoDC cells (r = 0.70), while Bdkrb1 negatively correlated with Plasma cells (r = -0.75). In the PND mouse model, we assessed whether candesartan could inhibit the onset of neuroinflammation by modulating the targets identified through our screening process. Molecular experiments, including RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA, analyzed gene expression and neuroinflammatory changes in the hippocampus. In a PND mouse model, candesartan improved cognitive function, reducing escape latency and increasing spontaneous alternation rates. Molecular analysis demonstrated candesartan downregulated Bdkrb1 and Ccr1 expression while upregulating Thbs1 in the hippocampus. Additionally, candesartan reduced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α levels and microglial activation, highlighting its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in PND. In conclusion, candesartan improved cognitive function in PND mice by modulating Bdkrb1, Ccr1, and Thbs1, reducing neuroinflammation, and targeting hippocampal immune responses, highlighting its therapeutic potential for PND.