Occupational health in agriculture: a re-emerging frontier in worker protection

Agricultural workers are among the most vulnerable groups facing occupational health risks, yet their protection remains insufficient globally. Despite employing nearly one-third of the global workforce, agriculture is one of the most hazardous sectors, with risks intensified by climate change and limited regulatory coverage. This commentary examines emerging challenges, research gaps, and policy directions, with a focus on international frameworks and China’s recent experiences. While initiatives like Healthy China 2030 and pilot projects using international tools have advanced rural occupational health, major barriers persist, especially for precarious and informal agricultural workers. Strengthening national actions and international coordination is urgently needed. Reviving the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health would help bridge the gap between global commitments and local implementation. Protecting agricultural workers is essential for promoting human rights, advancing public health resilience, and achieving sustainable development goals related to health, labor, and food security.