Genome-Wide Characterization of the Heat Shock Transcription Factor Gene Family in Begonia semperflorens Reveals Promising Candidates for Heat Tolerance.

Begonia semperflorens (B. semperflorens) is a popular ornamental plant widely used in landscapes such as plazas and flower beds, and it is also commonly grown as a potted plant indoors. It is known for its adaptability to high temperatures, drought, and shade. Under heat-tolerant conditions, heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are key transcriptional regulatory proteins that play crucial roles in cellular processes. Despite extensive studies on the HSF family in various species, there has been no specific analysis targeting B. semperflorens. In this study, we identified 37 members of the BsHSF gene family in B. semperflorens based on its genome scaffold, which are unevenly distributed across the genome. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that these 37 members can be divided into three subfamilies. Analysis of their physicochemical properties shows significant diversity among these proteins. Except for the BsHSFB7 protein located in the cytoplasm, all other BsHSF proteins were found to be nuclear-localized. A comparison of the amino acid sequences indicates that all BsHSF proteins contain a conserved DNA-binding domain structure. Analysis of the promoter cis-acting elements also suggests that BsHSFs may be associated with heat stress and plant secondary metabolism. We further investigated the duplication events of BsHSF genes and their collinearity with genes from other Begonia species. Finally, through real-time quantitative PCR, we examined the expression patterns of the 37 BsHSFs in different plant tissues (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) and their expression levels under heat stress treatment. The results show that, except for BsHSF29, all BsHSFs were expressed in various tissues, with varying expression levels across tissues. Except for BsHSF33 and BsHSF34, the expression levels of almost all BsHSF genes increased in response to heat treatment. In summary, these findings provide a better understanding of the role and regulatory mechanisms of HSFs in the heat stress response of B. semperflorens and lay the foundation for further exploration of the biological functions of BsHSFs in the stress responses of B. semperflorens.