Commentary: refining patient stratification for haemoadsorption in cardiac surgery: comparative reflections on RECCAS, REMOVE, and SIRAKI02

Clinical Registration: The RECCAS trial was prospectively registered (Clinical Trial Number DRKS00007928, https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00007928 on 3rd August 2015 with the Clinical Trial Registry and published under: Baumann A, Buchwald D, Annecke T, Hellmich M, Zahn PK, Hohn A. RECCAS - REmoval of Cytokines during Cardiac Surgery: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17: 137.

Haemoadsorption (HA) to modulate inflammation after cardiac surgery via extracorporeal cytokine removal has theoretical benefits, with divergent study results and clinical outcomes. These findings fuel debate on HA’s clinical relevance in cardiac surgery [1,2,3] during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This commentary reflects on the findings of the RECCAS trial, a prospective, randomised trial investigating intraoperative haemoadsorption (HA) in elective cardiac surgery [4]. While HA lowered certain cytokines during surgery and improved cardiac index, fluid, and fibrinogen needs, it did not affect IL-6 at ICU nor organ function. We contextualise RECCAS findings by comparing with the REMOVE and SIRAKI02 trials [5, 6], and derive implications for patient stratification and future trial design. Among available trials, REMOVE and SIRAKI02 provide recent and relevant trials due to their prospective, randomised design and focus on HA in cardiac surgery. Despite differences in patient populations and devices, these trials allow a comparative evaluation of methodologies and directionality of outcomes.

Notably, 30.5% of cardiac procedures are performed in patients aged 70–79 years [5]. The RECCAS trial included patients aged ≥ 65 years reflecting the typical demographic undergoing elective cardiac surgery. While this focus enhances relevance for the typical older cardiac surgery population, it may limit applicability to less frequently encountered groups such as younger patients. Broader inclusion criteria could enhance generalisability but may introduce heterogeneity. Although older patients show a less pronounced inflammatory response, it still contributes to complications.

In contrast, the REMOVE trial enrolled patients with infective endocarditis and a high inflammatory burden, whereas SIRAKI02 targeted on individuals with lower preoperative risk profiles. Future studies should investigate age-related differences across broader populations and focus on subgroup analyses, particularly in patients with pronounced inflammatory activity.

The RECCAS cohort included isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valve surgeries but also complex combined procedures (Supplement 1), reflecting the diversity of real-world surgical practices [5,6,7]. Although full blinding was not possible, restricted visibility for surgeons and concealed group allocation reduced performance bias. Comparable intraoperative times and full ICU blinding confirm objective outcome assessment.

Inflammatory monitoring and outcome assessment

RECCAS focused on IL-6 as primary marker of inflammation, acknowledging its limitations due to kinetic variability. The HA efficacy depends on CPB duration and cytokine gradient [8, 9], but the relatively low inflammatory burden, CPB-restricted HA application and potentially early adsorber saturation may have limited impact on IL-6. CPB-related cytokine release may persist postoperatively, potentially limiting the impact of intraoperative HA [10]. Neither were differences in CRP, PCT, creatinine, bilirubin, blood gas analyses, leucocytes, thrombocytes, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), liver enzymes, fibrinogen, coagulation markers, SOFA-scores and ΔSOFA-scores detected. Those parameters were less suitable as primary outcome due to CRP’s delayed kinetics, creatinine’s variation based on muscle mass, and bilirubin’s sensitivity to haemolysis. Similarly CRP and procalcitonin (PCT) did not show significant differences in the REMOVE-trial [11]. The statistical robustness of RECCAS was ensured through adherence to pre-specified comprehensive protocols and transparent reporting. Accordingly, one patient was excluded post-randomisation due to a protocol violation unrelated to HA intervention [4], without compromising the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of the findings.

To ensure a homogeneous cohort, immunosuppressed patients were excluded based on predefined criteria. Glucocorticoids were not routinely administered, and transfusion practices were comparable between groups, minimizing procedural or treatment-related confounders. No increased need for transfusion, coagulation factors or transfusion-associated inflammatory burden, was observed intraoperatively or during ICU (Supplement 2).

Notably, in the SIRAKI02-trial particularly high-risk patients with comorbidities, chronic kidney disease or reduced cardiac function benefitted of HA (Oxiris connected to CKRT), suggesting a relevance for cytokine burden and disease severity [11, 12], in contrast to RECCAS.

REMOVE, which included patients with a higher inflammatory baseline, similarly found no significant effect on SOFA trajectories. HA efficacy may depend on identifying patients with substantial inflammatory activity and prolonged CPB times.

Key differences among RECCAS, REMOVE, and SIRAKI02 reflect the broad heterogeneity in HA research and investigated populations (Table 1). The REMOVE study included emergency and urgent endocarditis patients with elevated EURO and SOFA scores. In contrast, the RECCAS study focused on elective cardiac surgery without preoperative inflammatory processes. The SIRAKI02 study enrolled non-emergent cardiac surgery patients with even lower EURO (~ 2.5%) and SOFA scores (~ 6). Furthermore, the interventions differed: Cytosorb was used in REMOVE and RECCAS, and Oxiris in SIRAKI02. The trials also varied in their primary endpoints, which influenced power calculations and statistical methodology, underlining heterogeneity and the problematic direct comparison. REMOVE focused on Delta-SOFA within 9 days, RECCAS examined IL-6 levels at ICU admission, and SIRAKI02 assessed the incidence of CSA-AKI by day 7. The inflammatory response following cardiac surgery is multifactorial, involving ischaemia-reperfusion, inflammation, oxidative stress, haemolysis, and nephrotoxins. While endotoxin release is a likely trigger for inflammation, it constitutes only one aspect of a complex pathophysiological process. Therefore, drawing the conclusion that the trials differences in renal outcomes are primarily explained by the elimination of endotoxins may be speculative [1]. These differences preclude direct comparison but allow hypothesis generation regarding patient selection and outcome sensitivity - investigating the immune response and the influence of various mediators on outcomes and organ failure may be a valuable approach.

Table 1 Comparative Overview of REMOVE, RECCAS, and SIRAKI02 trials

Full size table

Moving forward, patient stratification and focus on complex surgical procedures, significant comorbidities, including pre-existing organ dysfunction, and clinical relevant scores (e.g. SOFA) may be essential in well-designed large-scale randomized controlled trials. Rather than enrolling heterogeneous groups, stratified trial designs could target subgroups more likely to benefit from HA, such as those with prolonged CPB, organ dysfunction, or sepsis-like profiles. Phenotype-based exploratory approaches including preoperative inflammatory phenotyping, cytokine quantification, complement activation, and markers of endothelial dysfunction should elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Standardised core outcome sets, integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses and early identification algorithms could enhance results.

Lessons from sepsis research suggest that combining HA with phenotype-based stratification and validated clinical scoring tools may help optimise both the timing and duration of therapy [13,14,15]. As we progress, the broader adoption of HA will necessitate well-powered studies that build on the discussed research. Refinement of trial methodologies, expansion of biomarker analysis, and adoption of patient-centred strategies — including optimisation of timing, dosage, duration, and patient selection algorithms—will be crucial to realise the full clinical potential of HA.

RECCAS, REMOVE, and SIRAKI02 collectively highlight the complexity of translating HA’s theoretical benefits into clinical effectiveness. Rather than drawing premature conclusions, these trials invite a more nuanced exploration of inflammatory profiles, treatment windows, and appropriate endpoints. Future research should adopt a precision medicine approach to fully assess the role of HA in cardiac surgery.

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

HA:

Heamoadsorption

CPB:

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

ICU:

Intensive Care Unit

IL:

Interleukin

CABG:

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Re:

CABG-Repeat Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

AKE:

Aortic Valve Replacement

MKE:

Mitral Valve Replacement

MKR:

Mitral Valve Reconstruction

RE:

OP MKE-Repeat Mitral Valve Replacement

MIC:

MKE-Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Replacement

PCC:

Prothrombin Complex Concentrate

PRBCs:

Packed Red Blood Cells

FFP:

Fresh Frozen Plasma

PCT:

Procalcitonin

CRP:

C-Reactive Protein

eGFR:

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

BUN:

Blood Urea Nitrogen

AST:

Aspartate Aminotransferase

ALT:

Alanine Aminotransferase

Gamma:

GT-Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase

SOFA:

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment

ΔSOFA:

Delta Sequential Organ Failure Assessment

ICU:

Intensive Care Unit

1. Honore PM, Blackman S, Wang M-MRECCAS, REMOVE. SIRAKI02: discrepant outcomes and a potential explanation. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2025;29:16.

   Google Scholar

2. Luo M. Systemic inflammation and cardiac surgery: insights from the RECCAS trial. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2025;29:1.

   Google Scholar

3. Ramírez-Guerrero G, Pedreros-Rosales C. Hemoadsorption in cardiac surgery, limitations of low-risk patient selection and minimal cytokine levels. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2024;28:437.

   Google Scholar

4. Hohn A, Malewicz-Oeck N, Buhwald D, Annecke T, Zahn PK, Baumann A. REmoval of cytokines during cardiac surgery (RECCAS): a randomised controlled trial. Crit Care. 2024 Dec 12;28(1):406. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-05175-9

5. Beckmann A, Meyer R, Eberhardt J, Gummert J, Falk V. German heart surgery report 2023: the annual updated registry of the German society for thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2024;72:329–45.

   PubMed Google Scholar

6. Vervoort D, Lee G, Ghandour H, Guetter CR, Adreak N, Till BM, et al. Global cardiac surgical volume and gaps: trends, targets, and way forward. Ann Thorac Surg Short Rep. 2024;2:320–4.

   PubMed Google Scholar

7. von Wyler MC, Kaneko T, Iribarne A, Kim KM, Arghami A, Fiedler A, et al. The society of thoracic surgeons adult cardiac surgery database: 2023 update on procedure data and research. Ann Thorac Surg. 2024;117:260–70.

   Google Scholar

8. Klinkmann G, Koball S, Reuter DA, Mitzner S. Hemoperfusion with CytoSorb^®: Current Knowledge on Patient Selection, Timing, and Dosing. In: Bellomo R, Ronco C,Contrib Nephrol [Internet]., Karger S. AG; 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 16]. pp. 17–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000527774

9. Kühne L-U, Binczyk R, Rieß F-C. Comparison of intraoperative versus intraoperative plus postoperative hemoadsorption therapy in cardiac surgery patients with endocarditis. Int J Artif Organs. 2019;42:194–200.

   PubMed Google Scholar

10. Bernardi MH, Rinoesl H, Dragosits K, Ristl R, Hoffelner F, Opfermann P, et al. Effect of hemoadsorption during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery– a blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study using a novel adsorbent. Crit Care. 2016;20:96.

    PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

11. Diab M, Lehmann T, Bothe W, Akhyari P, Platzer S, Wendt D, et al. Cytokine hemoadsorption during cardiac surgery versus standard surgical care for infective endocarditis (REMOVE): results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2022;145:959–68.

    PubMed Google Scholar

12. Pérez-Fernández X, Ulsamer A, Cámara-Rosell M, Sbraga F, Boza-Hernández E, Moret-Ruíz E et al. Extracorporeal blood purification and acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: the SIRAKI02 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2024; 332:1446-1454.

13. Kogelmann K, Hübner T, Schwameis F, Drüner M, Scheller M, Jarczak D. First evaluation of a new dynamic scoring system intended to support prescription of adjuvant cytosorb hemoadsorption therapy in patients with septic shock. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2939.

    PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

14. Schmidt BMW, Lang H, Tian ZJ, Becker S, Melk A. Cytokine removal: do not ban it, but learn in whom and when to use it. Crit Care. 2023;27:444.

    PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

15. Steindl D, Schroeder T, Krannich A, Nee J. Hemoadsorption in the management of septic shock: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14:2285.

    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Download references

Not applicable.

CytoSorbents^® Europe GmbH supported the RECCAS trial by a grant for laboratory assays and compensated for the article processing charge of the initial protocol. No other funding was received for the study.

Author notes

1. Andreas Hohn and Nathalie M. Malewicz-Oeck contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany

   Andreas Hohn & Thorsten Annecke

2. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cologne University Hospital, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany

   Andreas Hohn

3. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH, Viersener Str. 450, 41063, Moenchengladbach, Germany

   Andreas Hohn

4. Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr-University Bochum, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany

   Nathalie M. Malewicz-Oeck, Peter K. Zahn & Andreas Baumann

5. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany

   Dirk Buchwald

6. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kliniken der Stadt Köln GmbH, University of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Straße 200, 51109, Cologne, Cologne, Germany

   Thorsten Annecke

Authors

1. Andreas HohnView author publications

   Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

2. Nathalie M. Malewicz-OeckView author publications

   Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

3. Dirk BuchwaldView author publications

   Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

4. Thorsten AnneckeView author publications

   Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

5. Peter K. ZahnView author publications

   Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

6. Andreas BaumannView author publications

   Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors meet all four criteria for authorship recommended by ICMJE. All authors have seen and agree with the final contents of the manuscript. Ethical proposal: AH; Study design and conception: AH, AB Interviews: AB; Cardiotechnician training and conduction: DB; probe acquiring: DB, AB; Data management: NMO, AB; Statistics: NMO; data analysis: NMO, AB, AH; Manuscript drafting: AB, NMO; Manuscript revision: AB, NMO, AH, TA, PZ; Data interpretation: TA, AH, NMO, AB, Final approval of manuscript: AB, AH, TA, DB, NMO, PZ; Submission process: NMO, AB; Responsibility for concept: AH, NMO, AB.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andreas Baumann.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Ethical Committee of Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, approved the prospective single-centre randomised controlled interventional trial RECCAS (ethical approval No. 5094–14), and patients were enrolled after written informed consent was provided by patients.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Material 1

Supplementary Material 2

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

Cite this article

Hohn, A., Malewicz-Oeck, N.M., Buchwald, D. et al. Commentary: refining patient stratification for haemoadsorption in cardiac surgery: comparative reflections on RECCAS, REMOVE, and SIRAKI02. Crit Care 29, 321 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05525-1

Download citation

• Received: 23 March 2025

• Accepted: 24 June 2025

• Published: 23 July 2025

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05525-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Get shareable link

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Copy to clipboard

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative