Novel in vivo porcine models of chronic ischemic tissue

There is a lack of reliable in vivo models that replicate limb-threatening ischemia in humans. To fill this gap, we developed and validated two novel porcine ischemic models: ischemic limb and dorsal flap models, both with and without streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia (N = 3 per group, 12 in total). Hind limb ischemia model was induced via different arterial ligations, with two ischemic and three control wounds per animal. In the flap model, four full-thickness flaps were created on the dorsum with silicone sheets to block reperfusion, and excisional wounds were made on the top. One non-ischemic wound served as control. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO₂), wound area, and microvascular density were measured, with TcPO₂ and wound area assessed longitudinally. Data analysis focused on detailed visualization and Bayesian hierarchical modelling to account for the small sample size. Developed models exhibited stable ischemia and prolonged wound healing, with TcPO₂ remaining under 30 mmHg over 28 days, and wound healing extending beyond two weeks. The flap model showed slower TcPO₂ recovery and greater chronicity compared to the limb model, without reliable effect of hyperglycemia. Thus, the porcine flap model shows the highest potential as a relevant model for chronic limb-threatening ischemia.