Application and prospect of organoids in tobacco product safety and risk evaluation.

In recent years, with the emergence of various types of tobacco products, the safety and risk assessment of tobacco product has become the focus of social attention. Organoids, as a new research model, can simulate the basic properties of tissues and perform normal biological functions in vitro experiments, with the advantages of low cost and high efficiency, it has been tentatively used in the safety evaluation of tobacco products. This review summarizes the concept and types of organoids and introduces the model structure and corresponding fundamentals of organoids in tobacco product safety and risk research. In addition, the effects of tobacco products on phenotypic changes of various organoids (such as lung, intestine, brain, maternal and fetal organoids) and the corresponding mechanisms (including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, etc.) were further summarized. At the same time, the advantages of applying organoids, the development trend and direction of organoids in evaluating tobacco product safety and risk in the future were also summarized. In summary, this review systematically describes the application and prospects of organoids in the safety and risk assessment of tobacco product, which helps researchers draw attention to the important role of organoids in safety and risk assessment of tobacco product, and provides some theoretical and literary foundations for improving people's quality of life.