How to achieve adaptive optimization of cultivated land multifunctionality? Insights from coupled supply-utilization-demand interactions

The adaptive optimization of cultivated land multifunctionality (CLM) is essential for ensuring its sustainable contribution to human well-being. However, the lack of integrated consideration of utilization, supply, and demand hampers the overall performance of CLM. To bridge this research gap, this study develops a theoretical framework for the adaptive optimization of CLM. Using quantitative evaluation, spatial analysis, threshold analysis, and composite zoning methods supported by multi-source data, it explores the spatial differentiation patterns, utilization characteristics, and zoning optimization strategies of CLM in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The results show that CLM in the YRD is marked by uneven utilization levels, robust supply capacity, and a relatively lagging demand. Influenced by spatial heterogeneity in utilization, supply, and demand, the utilization characteristics—using the supply–demand matching relationship as a threshold—accurately reveal the practical challenges of CLM. Notably, the agricultural production function highlights the unfavorable coexistence of surpass and potential types. Furthermore, the surpass type of the ecological maintenance function accounts for 32.1 % of the YRD. As a result, a multi-level composite zoning approach facilitates developing pathways for upgrading or controlling and identifying types of obstacle functions. Overall, this study proposes an adaptive optimization logic system for CLM, advancing from supply-demand matching to utilization feature identification and composite zoning management. This approach provides valuable decision-making insights for harmonizing cultivated land use with resource endowments and human needs in the YRD and globally.