From human-related to human-centric: A review of shop floor scheduling problem under Industry 5.0

The emergence of Industry 5.0 marks a paradigmatic shift in manufacturing, emphasizing human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. This transformation redefines the central role of humans within industrial ecosystems. As a key enabler of intelligent manufacturing, shop floor scheduling plays a pivotal role in optimizing production efficiency, resource allocation, and production flexibility. This study reviews research from 2014 to 2024 on shop floor scheduling addressing dual-resource constraints, worker assignment, and human–machine collaboration, analyzing their contributions across problem modeling, optimization objectives, and human factor integration. Our analysis reveals an insufficient incorporation of human-centric considerations within the current scheduling framework from the Industry 5.0 perspective. To address this gap, we propose the concept of human-centric shop floor scheduling (HCSFS) and identify four characteristics: efficiency-human (E-H) first; dynamics and uncertainty; data-intensive systems; and interdisciplinary synergy. We further highlight three major challenges for HCSFS: managing multi-objective trade-offs, redefining scheduling problem models, and embedding techno-ethical integration. Finally, future directions are discussed to advance HCSFS in the context of Industry 5.0.