Outcome of two siblings with late-onset Krabbe disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: And review of literature

Objectives

To compare delayed-onset Krabbe disease (KD) and outcomes between two siblings in relation to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Methods

We provide a descriptive report on two siblings with late-onset KD and their clinical course before and after HSCT.

Results

The index case presented with neurological symptoms that were presumptively diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite treatment with immunotherapy, the patient continued to decline progressively, prompting reassessment in the neurometabolic clinic 17 years after symptom onset. Symmetrical white matter changes in the pyramidal tract and optic radiation on MRI, absence of GALC enzyme activity in the blood, and identification of a pathogenic and likely pathogenic GALC variants confirmed the diagnosis of late-onset KD. After the proband's diagnosis, late-onset KD was also confirmed in his two siblings. In contrast to the index case, the younger sibling underwent HSCT with milder symptoms, stabilizing neurocognitive status, and imaging findings. Despite advanced disease, the proband's condition has stabilized following HSCT.

Discussion

Late-onset KD is clinically heterogeneous in presentation. Recognizing its progressive course, variable clinical features, positive family history (if present), and characteristic imaging can enable timely recognition. Earlier intervention with HSCT may modify the outcome.