Multifunctional green-synthesized pearl chain-like iron oxide nano/submicron particles for antimicrobial and seed priming applications

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle using plant-based reducing agent provide a sustainable to conventional methods, yielding sustainable materials with enhanced functionality for antibacterial and agricultural applications. The reliance on traditional pesticides and fertilizers has imposed considerable challenges on agricultural sustainability and environmental health. This study explores the green synthesis of iron oxide nano/submicron particles (Fe₂O₃-NSMP) utilizing fruit extract of Morinda citrifolia as a natural reducing agent. The synthesis process is eco-friendly and straightforward, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The obtained Fe₂O₃-NSMP were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–Visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron spectroscopy. The antibacterial properties of the synthesized Fe₂O₃-NSMP were evaluated against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. To study the impact of Fe₂O₃-NSMP to alleviate salinity stress, cowpea seeds were primed and exposed to salinity stress. Priming resulted in elevated levels of various metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, phenolics, and proline, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione, all contributing to improved stress tolerance in cowpea seedlings. These findings underscore the potential of Morinda citrifolia-derived Fe₂O₃-NSMP as sustainable and multifunctional agents for both antibacterial and agriculture applications, paving the way for innovative solutions to enhance crop resilience and productivity in the face of climate change.