Understanding risky riding: factors influencing crashes, near-crashes, and traffic fines among motorcyclists

Motorcyclists are one of the most vulnerable road user groups, with crash rates and fatalities consistently exceeding those of other vehicle users. This study investigates the behavioral and perceptual factors influencing motorcycle crashes, near-crashes, and traffic fines in Croatia using an extended version of the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ). The survey, conducted among 842 Croatian motorcyclists, explored risky behaviors, protective practices, and perceptions of road infrastructure. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified a five-factor structure of rider behavior: Violations, Errors, Stunts, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and Intoxication. Errors emerged as the strongest predictor of crash and near-crash involvement, while violations and stunts significantly predicted traffic fines. Analyses revealed that younger riders exhibited higher rates of risky behaviors, including speeding and stunts. In comparison, older riders and those with children demonstrated safer riding patterns and greater PPE use. Riders’ perceptions of road infrastructure, particularly inadequate road markings and surface conditions, also highlighted safety concerns. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions: advanced rider training focusing on control errors, strict enforcement against violations and substance use, infrastructure improvements, and incentive programs for PPE adoption. Addressing these factors through evidence-based strategies can reduce motorcyclist crash risks and promote safer riding behaviors.