Multimodal radiopathomics signature for prediction of response to immunotherapy-based combination therapy in gastric cancer using interpretable machine learning

Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer (GC). However, identifying reliable predictive biomarkers remains a considerable challenge. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating multimodal baseline data, including computed tomography scan images and digital H&E-stained pathology images, with biological interpretation to predict the response to immunotherapy-based combination therapy using a multicenter cohort of 298 GC patients. By employing seven machine learning approaches, we developed a radiopathomics signature (RPS) to predict treatment response and stratify prognostic risk in GC. The RPS demonstrated area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curves (AUCs) of 0.978 (95 % CI, 0.950–1.000), 0.863 (95 % CI, 0.744–0.982), and 0.822 (95 % CI, 0.668–0.975) in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively, outperforming conventional biomarkers such as CPS, MSI-H, EBV, and HER-2. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant differences of survival between high- and low-risk groups, especially in advanced-stage and non-surgical patients. Additionally, genetic analyses revealed that the RPS correlates with enhanced immune regulation pathways and increased infiltration of memory B cells. The interpretable RPS provides accurate predictions for treatment response and prognosis in GC and holds potential for guiding more precise, patient-specific treatment strategies while offering insights into immune-related mechanisms.