Does pay for performance affect socioeconomic inequalities in access? Evidence from hospital specialised care in England.

Pay for performance aims to improve quality and efficiency in the health sector but may widen inequalities. We investigate how pay for performance for specialised hospital care in England affected socioeconomic inequalities in access. We focus on two clinical areas: trauma care aimed at reducing delayed discharges from adult critical care; and internal medicine aimed at reducing in-hospital waiting time and length of stay for patients requiring urgent coronary bypass grafting. Both were part of the Prescribed Specialised Services Commissioning for Quality and Innovation. Using patient-level administrative data from Hospital Episodes Statistics in 2012/13-2016/17, we employ difference-in-difference models to estimate the impact of these schemes across socioeconomic status. Our treatment group comprises hospitals that adopted the scheme, and our control group the remaining eligible hospitals. For trauma care, we measure the impact of the scheme on discharge delays and the probability of an overnight discharge. For urgent coronary bypass, we measure pre-surgery inpatient waiting time, length of stay, 30-day and one-year mortality, and hospital-acquired infections. For trauma care we find the scheme widened inequalities by reducing delays that favoured more patients in the least income-deprived quintile (by 2.4 h or 30.4 % at the sample mean) than in the most income-deprived quintile (by 1.3 h). We find no effect or socioeconomic differences across outcomes for patients requiring an urgent coronary bypass.