Biochemistry and metabolomics revealed the regulation mechanism of osmolality in Sinonovacula constricta under salinity stress

Salinity is a critical environmental factor that significantly influences the growth, development, survival, and reproduction of marine organisms. Sinonovacula constricta, an economically important bivalve in tidal flat and pond aquaculture, frequently encounters acute salinity fluctuations due to factors such as river runoff and precipitation. These abrupt changes in salinity can adversely affect its yield. However, the impacts of acute salinity stress on the osmolality and metabolic processes of S. constricta remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigates the impacts of acute salinity stress on hemolymph osmotic pressure, serum ion concentrations, and serum metabolites of S. constricta maintained at a salinity of 18 ppt to 22 ppt. Significant alterations in serum osmolality were observed (P < 0.05), closely resembling seawater osmolality. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ in serum also exhibited significant changes (P < 0.05), stabilizing after 12 h, which is consistent with the trends in osmotic pressure. Metabolomics analysis identified differential metabolites primarily involved in phospholipid metabolism, carboxylic acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, indicating the activation of ion channels and energy metabolism pathways. S. constricta combats osmotic stress via coordinated ion channel regulation, neural-related metabolites，and amino acid catabolism, maintaining energy homeostasis through metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, S. constricta overcomes osmotic stress through ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) and key metabolites (e.g., glycerophosphate, taurine, proline, arachidonic acid), reveals novel signaling metabolites, highlighting the significant role of biomacromolecules and metabolites in assessing the health of bivalves in aquaculture.