Discovery and Treatment of Action Potential-Independent Myotonia in Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

Objective

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (hyperKPP) is characterized by attacks of transient weakness. A subset of hyperKPP patients suffers from transient involuntary contraction of muscle (myotonia). The goal of this study was to determine mechanisms causing myotonia in hyperKPP.

Methods

Intracellular electrophysiology, single-fiber Ca²⁺ imaging, and whole muscle contractility studies were performed in a mouse model of hyperKPP.

Results

Myotonia in hyperkPP was caused by both involuntary myogenic action potentials (AP myotonia) lasting less than 5 min and action potential-independent myotonia (non-AP myotonia) lasting over 1 h. Non-AP myotonia was caused by prolonged subthreshold depolarization and elevated intracellular Ca²⁺ in the absence of action potentials. Treatment with dantrolene effectively mitigated non-AP myotonia, suggesting that the source of Ca²⁺ was the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although non-AP myotonia occurred in the absence of action potentials, Na⁺ channel blockers were effective as therapy.

Discussion

We propose myotonia in hyperKPP occurs via two mechanisms: (1) suprathreshold depolarization triggering action potentials that are detectable with EMG and (2) sustained subthreshold depolarization resulting in Na⁺ overload and Ca²⁺ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Notably, clinical diagnostics such as EMG cannot detect the second mechanism as it occurs in the absence of action potentials. Currently, only a minority of patients with hyperKPP are treated with Na⁺ channel blockers and none are treated with dantrolene. Our data suggest hyperKPP patients, as well as patients with a number of other neuromuscular disorders, may benefit from trials of these therapies, even if they do not have myotonia detectable clinically or by EMG.