Effects of liming on soil physical and chemical properties in Europe and North America: A review

Soil acidity is one of the major constraints limiting crop production worldwide. About 50% of the global arable land is acidic. Liming remains an effective strategy for soil acidity amelioration and improvement of soil fertility. The objective of this review was to summarize information on liming effects on soil physical and chemical properties in the North American and European contexts. We reviewed how different lime products influence soil pH and various soil processes that contribute to soil physical and chemical health. Our findings were that, when applied at appropriate rates, liming materials generally increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable calcium and magnesium, nutrient availability and reduced toxicities of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and heavy metals. Many studies showed that liming modifies soil properties and processes both in the short- and long-term. While most studies reported improvements in nutrient availability, there were some differences in liming impacts on phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), mostly due to differences in soil type and composition. Liming improves structural properties including aggregate stability, soil friability, porosity, and water infiltration. Knowledge about liming impacts on soil physical and chemical properties is essential for optimizing liming rates to enhance soil health and improve productivity. Future studies should explore liming effects on CEC, associations of P and K with cations supplied by liming (e.g., Ca²⁺), and use of some waste materials as lime alternatives.