Exploring the impact of endocrine disruptors on hormonal regulation and adipose tissue in health and obesity.

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous substances that interfere with the endocrine system, leading to adverse health outcomes. These substances, prevalent in industrial pollutants, pesticides, plastics, and personal care products, significantly impact hormonal regulation and disrupt various physiological processes. This review explores the sources and health impacts of EDs, focusing on their interference with hormonal axes, fetal development, and adipose tissue function. It highlights underlying mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications and discusses strategies to reduce ED exposure. Recent research reveals that EDs affect estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone signaling, contributing to developmental, reproductive, and metabolic disorders. Their interference with hormonal regulation is linked to abnormalities during fetal development and obesity through altered adipogenesis-related gene expression. Mechanisms such as DNA methylation, hypoxia-inducible factor signaling, and histone modifications play pivotal roles in ED-induced disruptions. Addressing ED exposure requires a multifaceted approach, incorporating lifestyle changes and public health initiatives to mitigate risks. Continued research is essential to better understand their effects and develop effective strategies for reducing their impact.