The relationships between nature connectedness, nature contact, and positive psychological outcomes: A meta-analysis

Engagement with natural surroundings is essential in fostering the psychological connection between individuals and the environment, which can significantly improve people's mental health. This study adopted a comprehensive meta-analytic approach to examine the relationships between nature connectedness and nature contact, and between nature connectedness and positive psychological outcomes, respectively. In addition, the moderating effects of several variables (i.e., gender, age, geographic area, data collection method, measurement instrument, nature contact timing, and type of nature contact) were examined. The meta-analysis synthesized findings from 70 cross-sectional studies published between 2013 and 2024, comprising 68 peer-reviewed journal articles and 2 theses. The included studies exhibited considerable variation in sample sizes, ranging from 102 to 4960 participants. A three-level meta-analytic model was employed to analyze the pooled data, revealing a positive correlation between nature connectedness and nature contact. Participants with higher levels of nature connectedness exhibited greater well-being, enhanced meaning in life, and increased life satisfaction. The type of measurement instrument significantly moderated the relationship between nature connectedness and nature contact, with studies employing standardized scales reporting significantly larger effect sizes than those using single-item or question-based measures. Geographic area emerged as a significant moderator in the connection between nature connectedness, well-being, and meaning in life. Studies conducted in Asia reported larger effect sizes compared to those conducted in other regions. These findings highlight the importance of nature connectedness and its associations with both nature contact and positive psychological outcomes, offering valuable practical implications.