Navigating Immunological Barriers in Xenotransplantation: Recent Advances and Promising Strides.

The review introduces the challenges and potential solutions in xenotransplantation, focusing on pig-to-human organ transplant. Xenotransplantation, mainly with the use of pig organs, is a promising solution because of the reproductive capacity, size, and physiological resemblance of pigs to humans. However, immunological barriers, especially humoral and cellular immune responses, pose substantial challenges. The humoral immune response, involving antibodies targeting xenoantigens, is a substantial barrier. Anti-α-galactose antibodies, targeting α-Gal epitopes, are crucial in hyperacute rejection and acute humoral xenograft rejection. Genetic modifications, including CRISPR/Cas9 technology, aim to eliminate xenoantigens like α-Gal, potentially overcoming these challenges. This review discusses the use of genetically modified pigs for xenotransplantation, emphasizing the removal of xenoantigens, expression of human complement regulatory proteins, and transgenic expres-sion of human regulatory factors. Recent advancements, such as the world's first porcine-to-human heart transplant, highlight the potential of genetic manipu-lation in overcoming immune rejection barriers.