Enhancing Wireless Sensor Network performance: A Novel Adaptive Grid-Based Clustering Hierarchy protocol

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are essential for data collection in remote and energy-constrained environments such as forests and deserts. However, traditional clustering protocols like LEACH often face limitations including uneven energy consumption, inefficient Cluster Head (CH) selection, and high communication overhead, which collectively degrade network performance. This paper introduces AG-LEACH (Adaptive Grid-Based LEACH), a novel clustering protocol that incorporates dynamic grid partitioning to optimize cluster formation, CH selection, and data transmission. AG-LEACH employs adaptive grid sizing, adaptive grid merging, and adaptive cluster head selection, enabling dynamic responses to variations in node energy and network topology changes. Simulation results demonstrate that AG-LEACH outperforms conventional protocols by maintaining higher energy efficiency, prolonging network lifetime, and improving data throughput while minimizing packet loss. The protocol also reduces communication distance by intelligently routing data, leading to lower transmission energy and latency. These findings indicate that AG-LEACH is a scalable and adaptive solution for energy-efficient WSN deployments, with strong potential for real-world applications in large-scale and dynamic sensing environments.