A review of potential factors affecting roughness perception

The importance of tactile feedback in extended reality has gained increasing attention for its potential to enhance immersive user experience. However, the implementation of tactile feedback still faces various challenges not only due to technical difficulties but also because the cognitive processes involved remain unclear. Additionally, previous studies on roughness perception are fragmented due to varying implementations of tactile stimuli, specimen provision, and experimental environments. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of roughness perception is essential. This study reviews existing literature to identify the key potential factors affecting roughness perception, categorizing them into four main elements based on the User Experience Framework: Interaction, System, User, and Context. Interaction refers to how subjects experience roughness, System pertains to the implementation of roughness stimuli, User represents the characteristics of subjects perceiving roughness, and Context addresses the environment of roughness perception. As a result, 32 factors and 8 factor groups were identified and systematically organized to better understand their effects on roughness perception. By structuring these factors within the User Experience Framework, this study provides a foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of roughness perception. Furthermore, these findings offer insights into the broader domain of tactile experience, suggesting potential applications in various fields such as haptic technology development, virtual reality, and human-computer interaction.