Integrative taxonomy revealing microendemic species of Cambeva (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) in streams draining Serra da Canastra, southeastern Brazil

A large concentration of endemic trichomycterine catfish species has been recorded in mountainous regions of southeastern Brazil. The present study aims to investigate the taxonomic status of populations of the Cambeva variegata complex (CVC) in streams situated in a narrow strip between the Serra da Canastra and the right bank of the Rio Grande. Here we combined results of unilocus species delimitation analyses (GMYC, PTP, ASAP using CYTB, 1025 bp) with morphological data (external morphology and osteology). All analyses yielded identical results, delimiting four new species in the study area. The resulting tree topology indicated that the species from the study area do not form a monophyletic group. The new species were diagnostic by combinations of morphological characteristics, as well as unique nucleotide substitutions, besides occasionally, when possible, by unique morphological character states. The occurrence of four short-ranged species in neighbouring areas indicates a case of micro-endemism, which is of great importance for biodiversity conservation, since micro-endemic species are often more susceptible to extinction and at least three of these species occur in environments with clear signs of habitat degradation. Further studies are needed to precisely determine conditions and geographical extent of their habitats.