RHOA-dependent regulation of mitochondrial remodeling and cell motility in hypoxia-exposed gastric epithelial cells.

Mitochondrial appearance distinctively reflects cellular stress. Hypoxia, one of the most fundamental stressors, drives tumor progression, impacting mitochondrial structure and function. RAS homolog family member A (RHOA), a key regulator of cell motility, is frequently upregulated in response to hypoxia across cancers. However, its behavior under hypoxic condition in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unexplored. Additionally, investigating the influence of RHOA in cell motility through mitochondrial reshaping is promising. Elevated RHOA level triggered mitochondrial shape-shifts from tubular to stress-associated lasso and donut, correlating with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, RHOA-overexpressing cells experiencing hypoxia exhibited increased migration, despite reduced fission and ROS levels. RHO-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) inhibition impaired mitochondrial shape changes, suggesting its role in mitochondrial remodeling. These results indicate a unique adaptive response to hypoxia, where RHOA upregulation increases motility and modulates mitochondrial plasticity in GC cells. In summary, RHOA-mediated mitochondrial reshaping may serve as a key regulator in tumor cell adaptation and migration in low-oxygen environments.