{"title":"中国1型糖尿病儿童的父母比青少年的父母经历更多的父母特有的痛苦。","authors":"Huimei Zhao, Yun Chen, Yuwen Gao, Jie Zhong, Jiaxin Luo, Yuting Xie, Jia Guo","doi":"10.1155/pedi/5210513","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Distress is one of the most common negative emotions in parents of children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because of the differences in the developmental stages between children and adolescents with T1D and their subsequent diabetes management needs, their parents may experience different levels of distress. This study aimed to compare diabetes-specific distress between parents of children with T1D and parents of adolescents with T1D in China and explore the associated factors. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional design was used. Parents of children (aged 8-12 years) and adolescents (aged 13-18 years) diagnosed with T1D for >6 months were recruited online via social media. Using established online questionnaires, data were collected on sociodemographic and T1D-related characteristics, diabetes-specific distress, anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and parent-child conflict. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to explore the potential factors associated with parental diabetes-specific distress. <b>Results:</b> The final sample included 365 parents of children with T1D and 268 parents of adolescents with T1D. Notably, the parents of children with T1D exhibited a higher level of diabetes-specific distress compared to the parents of adolescents with T1D (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Among the parents of children with T1D, higher parental diabetes-specific distress was associated with fathers with 9 years or less of education, higher annual family income (≥US$2857), higher levels of parental anxiety symptoms and perceived stress, and children's episodes of frequent hypoglycemia in the past 6 months (<i>F</i> = 8.497, <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.433, adjusted <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.382). Among the parents of adolescents with T1D, higher parental diabetes-specific distress was associated with fathers with 9 years or less of education and higher levels of parental anxiety symptoms and perceived stress (<i>F</i> = 4.955, <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.385, adjusted <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.308). <b>Conclusions:</b> The parents of children with T1D experienced higher levels of diabetes-specific distress than the parents of adolescents with T1D in China. Fathers with 9 years or less of education and parents with more anxiety and perceived stress were particularly affected in both groups; thus, interventions are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19797,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Diabetes","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5210513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204744/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Parents of Children With Type 1 Diabetes Experienced More Parent-Specific Distress Than Parents of Adolescents in China.\",\"authors\":\"Huimei Zhao, Yun Chen, Yuwen Gao, Jie Zhong, Jiaxin Luo, Yuting Xie, Jia Guo\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/pedi/5210513\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Distress is one of the most common negative emotions in parents of children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because of the differences in the developmental stages between children and adolescents with T1D and their subsequent diabetes management needs, their parents may experience different levels of distress. This study aimed to compare diabetes-specific distress between parents of children with T1D and parents of adolescents with T1D in China and explore the associated factors. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional design was used. Parents of children (aged 8-12 years) and adolescents (aged 13-18 years) diagnosed with T1D for >6 months were recruited online via social media. Using established online questionnaires, data were collected on sociodemographic and T1D-related characteristics, diabetes-specific distress, anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and parent-child conflict. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to explore the potential factors associated with parental diabetes-specific distress. <b>Results:</b> The final sample included 365 parents of children with T1D and 268 parents of adolescents with T1D. Notably, the parents of children with T1D exhibited a higher level of diabetes-specific distress compared to the parents of adolescents with T1D (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Among the parents of children with T1D, higher parental diabetes-specific distress was associated with fathers with 9 years or less of education, higher annual family income (≥US$2857), higher levels of parental anxiety symptoms and perceived stress, and children's episodes of frequent hypoglycemia in the past 6 months (<i>F</i> = 8.497, <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.433, adjusted <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.382). Among the parents of adolescents with T1D, higher parental diabetes-specific distress was associated with fathers with 9 years or less of education and higher levels of parental anxiety symptoms and perceived stress (<i>F</i> = 4.955, <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.385, adjusted <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> = 0.308). <b>Conclusions:</b> The parents of children with T1D experienced higher levels of diabetes-specific distress than the parents of adolescents with T1D in China. Fathers with 9 years or less of education and parents with more anxiety and perceived stress were particularly affected in both groups; thus, interventions are warranted.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":19797,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Pediatric Diabetes\",\"volume\":\"2025 \",\"pages\":\"5210513\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-20\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204744/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Pediatric Diabetes\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1155/pedi/5210513\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/1/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Pediatric Diabetes","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1155/pedi/5210513","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
Parents of Children With Type 1 Diabetes Experienced More Parent-Specific Distress Than Parents of Adolescents in China.
Background: Distress is one of the most common negative emotions in parents of children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because of the differences in the developmental stages between children and adolescents with T1D and their subsequent diabetes management needs, their parents may experience different levels of distress. This study aimed to compare diabetes-specific distress between parents of children with T1D and parents of adolescents with T1D in China and explore the associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Parents of children (aged 8-12 years) and adolescents (aged 13-18 years) diagnosed with T1D for >6 months were recruited online via social media. Using established online questionnaires, data were collected on sociodemographic and T1D-related characteristics, diabetes-specific distress, anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and parent-child conflict. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to explore the potential factors associated with parental diabetes-specific distress. Results: The final sample included 365 parents of children with T1D and 268 parents of adolescents with T1D. Notably, the parents of children with T1D exhibited a higher level of diabetes-specific distress compared to the parents of adolescents with T1D (p < 0.001). Among the parents of children with T1D, higher parental diabetes-specific distress was associated with fathers with 9 years or less of education, higher annual family income (≥US$2857), higher levels of parental anxiety symptoms and perceived stress, and children's episodes of frequent hypoglycemia in the past 6 months (F = 8.497, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.433, adjusted R2 = 0.382). Among the parents of adolescents with T1D, higher parental diabetes-specific distress was associated with fathers with 9 years or less of education and higher levels of parental anxiety symptoms and perceived stress (F = 4.955, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.385, adjusted R2 = 0.308). Conclusions: The parents of children with T1D experienced higher levels of diabetes-specific distress than the parents of adolescents with T1D in China. Fathers with 9 years or less of education and parents with more anxiety and perceived stress were particularly affected in both groups; thus, interventions are warranted.
期刊介绍：
Pediatric Diabetes is a bi-monthly journal devoted to disseminating new knowledge relating to the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, management, complications and prevention of diabetes in childhood and adolescence. The aim of the journal is to become the leading vehicle for international dissemination of research and practice relating to diabetes in youth. Papers are considered for publication based on the rigor of scientific approach, novelty, and importance for understanding mechanisms involved in the epidemiology and etiology of this disease, especially its molecular, biochemical and physiological aspects. Work relating to the clinical presentation, course, management and outcome of diabetes, including its physical and emotional sequelae, is considered. In vitro studies using animal or human tissues, whole animal and clinical studies in humans are also considered. The journal reviews full-length papers, preliminary communications with important new information, clinical reports, and reviews of major topics. Invited editorials, commentaries, and perspectives are a regular feature. The editors, based in the USA, Europe, and Australasia, maintain regular communications to assure rapid turnaround time of submitted manuscripts.
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