Introduction to precision medicine

Precision medicine is revolutionizing healthcare by transitioning from the traditional ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to a more individualized strategy. This paradigm tailors diagnostics and treatments based on each patient's unique genetic, molecular and environmental profiles by leveraging advanced technologies such as omics profiling, imaging techniques and artificial intelligence artificial intelligence (AI)-driven data analytics. This reduces the reliance on trial-and-error prescribing, minimizes adverse effects and enhances overall treatment efficacy. As a consequence, disease taxonomy is evolving to more accurately reflect the underlying pathology of several diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer disease and various chronic illnesses, along with therapeutic insights accelerating the creation of targeted therapies. Despite its transformative potential, precision medicine faces significant challenges. While the initial costs of implementing precision medicine may be higher, the long-term benefits – including improved patient outcomes, cost-effectiveness and optimized resource utilization – underscore its potential to transform global healthcare systems. Unequal access to advanced diagnostics and therapies can worsen existing health disparities, limiting the benefits of precision medicine to more affluent and well-resourced populations. For medical trainees, understanding and applying evolving molecular insights and a commitment to inclusivity and innovation will ensure that the full advantages of precision medicine are realized for all patients.