Traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) root bark for pain and inflammation

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) is used in Brazil for culinary and medicinal purposes. While its fruit and oil have been extensively studied, the root bark is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory, but its pharmacological properties remain unexplored.

Aim of the study

This study investigates the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects, and potential toxicity of C. brasiliense root bark to validate its traditional use.

Materials and methods

An aqueous extract was prepared via cold maceration (1–9 days) to simulate traditional use and assess compound stability. Chemical composition was analyzed by LC-DAD-MS, phenolics and tannins by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity via DPPH assay. Toxicity was evaluated in Caenorhabditis elegans. The anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects were tested in mice using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-induced writhing.

Results

Throughout the 8-day maceration period, the extract maintained chemical stability, with an average phenolic content of 6.1 % and tannins at 5.0 %. It exhibited antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 16.15 ± 0.77 μg/mL). LC-DAD-MS identified galloyl tannins, ellagitannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and triterpenic saponins. In vivo assays confirmed anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects, with no toxicity in C. elegans.

Conclusion

The results validate the traditional use of C. brasiliense root bark for pain and inflammation, supporting its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with ethnopharmacological significance.