MXenoids: Generalization of MXene-Inspired Covalent Surface Modifications Across Two-Dimensional Materials

The ability to perform versatile covalent surface modifications in two-dimensional (2D) inorganic materials marks a significant advance in the functionalization of this broad family of materials. One particularly successful example of 2D materials with chemically modifiable surfaces are 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes). MXenes’ strong in-plane metal–carbon bonds and labile surface metal–halide bonds create altogether unprecedented opportunities for versatile postsynthetic modifications and assembling complex materials, including various organic–inorganic hybrids. We demonstrate the general applicability of this surface modification strategy to non-MXene halide-terminated 2D materials, termed MXenoids. These surface modifications enable compositional and electronic structure engineering, introduce chiral hybrid organic–inorganic structures, and photoluminescence ranging from near-IR to blue. This study highlights the avenue of surface chemistry-driven materials design, enhancing the functional capabilities of 2D materials.