Fostering leadership and innovation in UK healthcare: insights from the NHS clinical entrepreneur programme and application of clinical leadership models - a systematic review and reflective analysis.

Purpose: The NHS Clinical Entrepreneur Programme (CEP) was established to promote leadership and innovation within the UK health-care system, though its implementation raises important questions about resource allocation and alignment with NHS founding principles. This study aims to systematically review the literature on the CEP and provide a critical reflective analysis of its impact, considering both its potential benefits and tensions with frontline service delivery in an already strained NHS.

Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases, covering publications from 2016 to 2024. This study uses a dual methodological approach, combining a systematic literature review with a reflective analysis based on personal experience as a CEP participant. The search strategy included terms related to the NHS CEP, health-care innovation and leadership development. Additionally, a reflective analysis based on personal experience as a CEP participant was incorporated to provide insights into the programme's practical implications.

Findings: The systematic review identified 11 relevant studies. Key themes emerged, including the CEP's role in talent retention, cultural shift towards innovation and the development of leadership skills among health-care professionals. The reflective analysis highlighted the programme's strengths in fostering collaboration and addressing health-care challenges while also identifying areas for improvement in leadership training and integration of social responsibility principles.

Originality/value: The NHS CEP has demonstrated significant potential in nurturing innovation and leadership within the UK health-care system. However, there is a need for more robust evaluation methods and integration of comprehensive leadership models to enhance its effectiveness. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes and the programme's alignment with global digital health strategies.