Improving efficacy and safety of surgery in benign gynaecology: the case for indocyanine green.

Indocyanine green (ICG) with near-infrared imaging is a valuable adjunct in minimally invasive gynaecological surgery, enhancing anatomical visualisation and surgical precision. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on ICG's clinical applications, safety, and practical implementation in benign gynaecology. ICG supports bladder and ureteric identification, cavity integrity checks, and assessment of bowel and ovarian perfusion. It also aids detection of endometriosis lesions, though diagnostic accuracy remains variable. ICG is safe and feasible, with growing evidence supporting its role across a range of procedures. Further research is needed to standardise protocols, assess cost-effectiveness, and support broader adoption in clinical practice.