CellBinDB: a large-scale multimodal annotated dataset for cell segmentation with benchmarking of universal models.

In recent years, cell segmentation techniques have played a critical role in the analysis of biological images, especially for quantitative studies. Deep learning-based cell segmentation models have demonstrated remarkable performance in segmenting cell and nucleus boundaries, but they are typically tailored to specific modalities or require manual tuning of hyperparameters, limiting their generalizability to unseen data. Comprehensive datasets that support both the training of universal models and the evaluation of various segmentation techniques are essential for overcoming these limitations and promoting the development of more versatile cell segmentation solutions. Here, we present CellBinDB, a large-scale multimodal annotated dataset established for these purposes. CellBinDB contains more than 1,000 annotated images, each labeled to identify the boundaries of cells or nuclei, including 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, single-stranded DNA, hematoxylin and eosin, and multiplex immunofluorescence staining, covering over 30 normal and diseased tissue types from human and mouse samples. Based on CellBinDB, we benchmarked 8 state-of-the-art and widely used cell segmentation technologies/methods, and our further analysis reveals that complex cell shapes reduce segmentation accuracy while higher image gradients improve boundary detection, offering insights for refining segmentation strategies across diverse imaging scenarios.