A Systematic Review of New Technologies for Cybersecurity Healthcare Applications: A Systematic and Comprehensive Study

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into consumer devices has driven the evolution of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), also known as Industry 4.0 (I4.0), extending connectivity to industrial settings where benefits such as increased efficiency, automation, and predictive maintenance are transforming processes. However, with these advancements comes a host of cybersecurity challenges unique to IIoT, including the longevity of industrial components and the expansive scale of interconnected networks, which differ from security needs in Consumer IoT (C-IoT). In parallel, the healthcare sector has seen similar technological integration through the Healthcare Internet of Things (H-IoT) and the progression to Healthcare 4.0 (HC4.0), emphasizing data-driven patient care and seamless digital health services. This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of emerging cybersecurity technologies in healthcare, focusing on IoT, IIoT, H-IoT, and HC4.0 applications. Our study examines recent advancements in cybersecurity protocols and identifies critical security challenges that arise from the increased reliance on these technologies. Specifically, we aim to highlight how these interconnected frameworks can enhance patient data protection, ensure resilience against cyber threats, and strengthen healthcare systems' operational integrity. Key areas of focus include data privacy, network vulnerabilities, and the risks of cyber-attacks in healthcare contexts, with an emphasis on the necessity of robust and adaptive security measures to safeguard sensitive healthcare information. Furthermore, this survey synthesizes current research on security frameworks and protocols tailored to HC4.0 applications, offering an in-depth analysis of their strengths, limitations, and applicability in real-world scenarios. We identify gaps in the literature and propose future research directions aimed at advancing encryption, authentication, and network resilience in interconnected healthcare systems. The concluding sections address ongoing challenges, open issues, and the need for scalable and interoperable security solutions to support the seamless integration of IoT technologies across healthcare and industrial sectors. By providing a holistic overview of the cybersecurity landscape in IoT, IIoT, and H-IoT, this paper contributes valuable insights to the development of secure, resilient, and sustainable systems in an increasingly connected world.