Carbon emissions assessment of ultra large container vessel in Malacca and Singapore Straits based on dynamic spatiotemporal data

The Malacca and Singapore Straits, among the world’s busiest shipping lanes, exhibit the highest carbon emission density, posing significant environmental challenges both regionally and globally. This study employs a bottom-up approach, utilizing two years of AIS data and technical parameters to assess the carbon emissions of Ultra Large Container Vessel (ULCV) in these straits.The results indicate that total emissions and transport carbon intensity (TCI) in the Asia-Europe direction are higher than in the Europe-Asia direction. Singapore Port waters are identified as the primary emission hotspot, with a carbon emission density significantly higher than other areas. The key factors influencing TCI in the study area include average sailing speed, vessel draft, and berthing time at Singapore Port. TCI exhibits a linear relationship with speed reduction ratio, while increasing vessel draft reduces TCI but simultaneously weakens the emission reduction effect of slow steaming. Effective strategies for reducing ULCV carbon emissions in the Malacca and Singapore Straits include shore power utilization during port stays, optimizing voyage speed while minimizing berthing duration, and increasing cargo load in the Europe-Asia direction. These findings provide critical insights for mitigating emissions in high-density shipping corridors, offering valuable guidance for sustainable maritime operations.