A Comprehensive Review on Advances in Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposite: Current Status and Emerging Applications

Nanocomposites are currently innovative materials with exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical properties, driven by advances in nanotechnology and materials science. The current review provides a comprehensive summary of the progression in nanocomposite history, structure, synthesis processes, and nanocomposite classification, highlighting their evolution from conventional composites to highly engineered multifunctional materials. The new properties of the nanocomposites are discussed along with cutting-edge characterization techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Raman spectroscopy. Evaluation of the Ag/rGO nanocomposite demonstrates its crystalline structure together with efficient Ag nanoparticle placement on graphene oxide nanosheets and uniform surface structure and superior optical properties, which enable its application in wastewater cleanup procedures through photocatalysis. Nanocomposites are an essential component of environmental applications, including air purification, wastewater treatment, renewable energy devices, pollutant degradation, and other uses in aerospace, electronics, energy storage, and medicine. In presenting challenges and opportunities today and tomorrow, this research emphasizes the prospect of nanocomposites to revolutionize various industries.