Artificial intelligence in surgical care for low- and middle-income countries: Challenges, opportunities, and the path forward

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in surgical care has significantly advanced healthcare delivery in high-income countries (HICs), yet remains underutilized in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). With a growing burden of surgical diseases, limited surgical expertise, and constrained healthcare resources, AI and ML offer transformative potential in optimizing surgical workflows, improving patient outcomes, and expanding access to specialized care. This manuscript explores the current status, challenges, and future prospects of AI and ML in surgical care for LMICs, emphasizing the critical need for investment, capacity building, and policy development to bridge the healthcare gap.