Metschnikowia bicuspidata in aquaculture: Pathogenesis, characteristics, and biocontrol approaches

Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a pathogenic yeast species, is responsible for significant disease outbreaks, including the devastating milky disease in aquaculture systems. This review consolidates current knowledge of its pathogenesis, genomic characteristics, histopathology, and treatments. The yeast's psychrotolerant nature and ability to exploit aquatic hosts even under adverse conditions have heightened its impact, particularly in high-density farming environments. Potential treatments, such as antibiotics, killer toxins, and Massoia lactone, show promising antifungal activity, yet each presents challenges regarding environmental impact, resistance development, and application efficiency. Advancements in genomic research and innovative biocontrol methods, including nanotechnology-enhanced delivery systems, provide new opportunities for disease management. This review emphasizes the urgent need for effective and eco-friendly strategies to combat M. bicuspidata in aquaculture while identifying critical areas for future investigation.