Identification of phytochemicals in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf: interpreting antidiabetic and antibacterial effect through in vitro and in silico analysis.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a traditional medicinal plant in India; however, it is least explored for biological activities. In the present study, antioxidant, mammalian alpha-glucosidase (AG) inhibition, and antibacterial activity of N. arbor-tristis leaf (NL) were determined by in vitro and in silico analysis. Methanolic extract of NL (ME-NL) was prepared. The phytochemical constituents present in ME-NL were tentatively identified using LC-ESI/MS/MS analysis. The inhibition of mammalian AG activities (maltase, sucrase, isomaltase and glucoamylase) and the antibacterial activity of ME-NL were analyzed. Virtual screening of compounds identified in ME-NL for the interaction with human AG (hAG), Escherichia coli dihydropteroate synthase (EDHPS) and Staphylococcus aureus DHPS (SDHPS) was carried out. The best scored four compounds with respective proteins were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, post-MD analysis (RMSF, RMSD, 2D-RMSD, PCA, DCCM and FEL) and MM/GBSA analysis. ME-NL was found to be rich in various phenolics and flavonoid compounds. ME-NL showed radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power activities. ME-NL inhibited all the mammalian AG activities in microgram/ml concentration through a mixed-type of inhibition. ME-NL inhibited both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. From the in silico analysis, it was found that among the compounds studied, 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) (HMPGG) showed stable interactions with hAG and SDHPS; Prupaside (PRU) with hAG; desrhamnosylmartynoside (DRM) with EDHPS; calceolarioside A (CAL) with SDHPS and luteolin 7-rhamnosyl (1->6) galactoside (LRG) with both EDHPS and SDHPS. Altogether, in vitro and in silico analysis revealed the antidiabetic and antibacterial effects of ME-NL, which warrant further in vivo studies.