Usman Abubakar Haruna, Amos Abimbola Oladunni, Abdulafeez Katibi Abdulkadir, Abbas Bashir Umar, Shuaibu Saidu Musa, Elizabeth Oluwatoyin Afolabi, Joseph Almazan, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno Iii
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Towards attaining universal health coverage in Kazakhstan: Challenges and important next steps.
The Alma Ata Declaration (1978) positioned primary healthcare (PHC) as central to universal health coverage (UHC). Post-independence Kazakhstan struggles with a fragmented healthcare system marked by high mortality, underfunding, and workforce shortages. Despite initiatives like "Kazakhstan 2050" and "Salamatty Kazakhstan," challenges persist: economic instability, unregulated private healthcare, high out-of-pocket costs, and rural disparities. While Kazakhstan achieved a 76% UHC index, advancing PHC quality, expanding health financing, and prioritizing rural access remain critical to achieving equitable UHC.