Multimorbidity patterns and early signals of diabetes in online communities.

Objectives: This study aims to explore multimorbidity patterns associated with diabetes by analyzing user engagement in online diabetes support communities and their interactions with other disease-related communities. Additionally, it seeks to assess whether early signals of diabetes can be detected through online engagement data.

Materials and methods: We collected Reddit data for 3 primary diabetes-related subreddits ("diabetes," "diabetes_t1," and "diabetes_t2") and 88 other disease-related subreddits from 2008 to 2024. A bipartite network was constructed linking users to subreddits, which was then transformed into a weighted multimorbidity network. Significant links were identified using a statistical threshold to ensure meaningful connections between subreddits. Additionally, we analyzed user engagement timelines to identify potential early signals of diabetes.

Results: Diabetes is strongly linked to mental health conditions (such as depression, anxiety, and ADHD) and weight management discussions. Other notable associations include autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, gastrointestinal disorders, and reproductive health issues. Early signals of type 2 diabetes were detected in mental health, obesity, and pregnancy conditions, but no significant early indicators were found for type 1 diabetes.

Discussion: This study is the first large-scale empirical analysis of multimorbidity patterns and early signals of diabetes in online communities. The findings reinforce the known multimorbidity of diabetes, particularly its ties to mental health and obesity. The presence of early signals suggests that social media data could help identify individuals at risk before diagnosis, offering opportunities for early intervention.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that social media data can reveal both multimorbidity patterns and early signals of diabetes, offering insights beyond traditional health records. As digital health data continue to grow, effectively leveraging these resources will become increasingly important for advancing diabetes prevention and management.