Ana Lucia Espinosa Dice MA , Henri M. Garrison-Desany PhD , Andrew Ratanatharathorn PhD , Henning Tiemeier MD, PhD , George Davey Smith MD, DSc , Christy A. Denckla PhD
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In response, we examine potential interplay between polygenic liability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bereavement of a close friend in shaping risk of post-loss externalizing symptoms among adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We examined self-reported loss of a close friend between ages 12 and 16 years and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for ADHD in a sample of 3,922 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Outcomes at age 16.5 included 2 subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and conduct problems. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models addressed the zero-skewed outcome distribution, and likelihood ratio tests for model comparison were used to detect gene–environment interplay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported losing a close friend. After adjusting for pre-loss psychopathology, bereavement independently predicted higher hyperactivity/inattention symptom count (bereaved vs nonbereaved: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.05-1.31), whereas the PRS for ADHD did not; neither were associated with the odds of zero (vs any) symptoms. Similarly, a model that included bereavement but not PRS best described the observed variation in conduct problems (bereaved vs nonbereaved: IRR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.13-1.73).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings reinforce the negative impact that losing a friend may have on an adolescent’s mental health, and suggest that externalizing symptoms among bereaved youth warrant clinical attention. Results from ZINB models reveal that bereavement may aggravate the severity or number of existing externalizing symptoms among those who would exhibit externalizing problems regardless. Genetic liability for ADHD may not augment the prediction of risk for psychopathology after bereavement, although better-powered samples are needed.</div></div><div><h3>Plain language summary</h3><div>Drawing on data from a sample of 3,922 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK, researchers found that nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported experiencing the death of a close friend between ages 12 and 16. Relative to those who did not experience the loss of a friend, bereaved adolescents demonstrated higher hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems scores at age 16.5. In this study, underlying genetic liability for ADHD did not meaningfully explain externalizing behavior scores after taking bereavement into account. This study reinforces the impacts of friend bereavement on adolescent mental health and calls for more clinical and methodological attention to this topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73525,"journal":{"name":"JAACAP open","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 323-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Investigating Gene–Environment Interplay Between Bereavement and Polygenic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Externalizing Behaviors During Adolescence\",\"authors\":\"Ana Lucia Espinosa Dice MA , Henri M. Garrison-Desany PhD , Andrew Ratanatharathorn PhD , Henning Tiemeier MD, PhD , George Davey Smith MD, DSc , Christy A. Denckla PhD\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.04.006\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The death of a close friend during adolescence may have a negative impact on one’s mental health. However, existing literature has focused primarily on internalizing disorders, leaving the domain of externalizing behaviors understudied. Furthermore, the role of genetics in shaping post-bereavement psychopathology is not understood. In response, we examine potential interplay between polygenic liability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bereavement of a close friend in shaping risk of post-loss externalizing symptoms among adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We examined self-reported loss of a close friend between ages 12 and 16 years and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for ADHD in a sample of 3,922 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Outcomes at age 16.5 included 2 subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and conduct problems. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models addressed the zero-skewed outcome distribution, and likelihood ratio tests for model comparison were used to detect gene–environment interplay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported losing a close friend. After adjusting for pre-loss psychopathology, bereavement independently predicted higher hyperactivity/inattention symptom count (bereaved vs nonbereaved: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.05-1.31), whereas the PRS for ADHD did not; neither were associated with the odds of zero (vs any) symptoms. Similarly, a model that included bereavement but not PRS best described the observed variation in conduct problems (bereaved vs nonbereaved: IRR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.13-1.73).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings reinforce the negative impact that losing a friend may have on an adolescent’s mental health, and suggest that externalizing symptoms among bereaved youth warrant clinical attention. Results from ZINB models reveal that bereavement may aggravate the severity or number of existing externalizing symptoms among those who would exhibit externalizing problems regardless. Genetic liability for ADHD may not augment the prediction of risk for psychopathology after bereavement, although better-powered samples are needed.</div></div><div><h3>Plain language summary</h3><div>Drawing on data from a sample of 3,922 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK, researchers found that nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported experiencing the death of a close friend between ages 12 and 16. Relative to those who did not experience the loss of a friend, bereaved adolescents demonstrated higher hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems scores at age 16.5. In this study, underlying genetic liability for ADHD did not meaningfully explain externalizing behavior scores after taking bereavement into account. This study reinforces the impacts of friend bereavement on adolescent mental health and calls for more clinical and methodological attention to this topic.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":73525,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"JAACAP open\",\"volume\":\"3 2\",\"pages\":\"Pages 323-334\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-05-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"JAACAP open\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949732924000450\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"JAACAP open","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949732924000450","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
目的青春期亲密朋友的死亡可能会对一个人的心理健康产生负面影响。然而,现有的文献主要集中在内化障碍上,而对外化行为的研究不足。此外,遗传学在塑造丧亲后精神病理学方面的作用尚不清楚。作为回应,我们研究了注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)的多基因倾向与亲密朋友的丧失在形成青少年失去后外化症状风险中的潜在相互作用。方法:我们对来自雅芳父母与儿童纵向研究的3,922名青少年样本进行了调查,检查了12至16岁之间自我报告的亲密朋友的丧失和ADHD的多基因风险评分(PRS)。16.5岁时的结果包括优势和困难问卷的2个分量表:多动/注意力不集中症状和行为问题。零膨胀负二项(ZINB)模型处理零偏态结果分布,模型比较的似然比检验用于检测基因与环境的相互作用。结果:近十分之一的青少年报告失去了一位亲密的朋友。在调整失丧前精神病理后,丧亲独立预测更高的多动/注意力不集中症状计数(丧亲vs非丧亲:发病率比[IRR] = 1.18;95% CI = 1.05-1.31),而ADHD的PRS没有;两者都与零(或任何)症状的几率无关。同样,一个包括丧亲但不包括PRS的模型最好地描述了观察到的行为问题的变化(丧亲与非丧亲:IRR = 1.40;95% ci = 1.13-1.73)。结论我们的研究结果强化了失去朋友对青少年心理健康的负面影响,并提示在失去朋友的青少年中出现的外化症状值得临床关注。ZINB模型的结果显示,丧亲之痛可能会加重那些无论如何都会表现出外化问题的人现有外化症状的严重程度或数量。ADHD的遗传倾向可能不会增加丧亲后精神病理风险的预测,尽管需要更有力的样本。研究人员从英国雅芳父母和孩子纵向研究的3922名青少年样本中获取数据,发现近十分之一的青少年报告说,他们在12岁到16岁之间经历了密友的死亡。与那些没有失去朋友的人相比,失去朋友的青少年在16.5岁时表现出更高的多动/注意力不集中和行为问题得分。在本研究中,考虑到丧亲之痛后,ADHD的潜在遗传责任并没有意义地解释外化行为得分。本研究强调了失去朋友对青少年心理健康的影响,并呼吁对这一主题进行更多的临床和方法关注。
Investigating Gene–Environment Interplay Between Bereavement and Polygenic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Externalizing Behaviors During Adolescence
Objective
The death of a close friend during adolescence may have a negative impact on one’s mental health. However, existing literature has focused primarily on internalizing disorders, leaving the domain of externalizing behaviors understudied. Furthermore, the role of genetics in shaping post-bereavement psychopathology is not understood. In response, we examine potential interplay between polygenic liability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bereavement of a close friend in shaping risk of post-loss externalizing symptoms among adolescents.
Method
We examined self-reported loss of a close friend between ages 12 and 16 years and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for ADHD in a sample of 3,922 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Outcomes at age 16.5 included 2 subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and conduct problems. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models addressed the zero-skewed outcome distribution, and likelihood ratio tests for model comparison were used to detect gene–environment interplay.
Results
Nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported losing a close friend. After adjusting for pre-loss psychopathology, bereavement independently predicted higher hyperactivity/inattention symptom count (bereaved vs nonbereaved: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.05-1.31), whereas the PRS for ADHD did not; neither were associated with the odds of zero (vs any) symptoms. Similarly, a model that included bereavement but not PRS best described the observed variation in conduct problems (bereaved vs nonbereaved: IRR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.13-1.73).
Conclusion
Our findings reinforce the negative impact that losing a friend may have on an adolescent’s mental health, and suggest that externalizing symptoms among bereaved youth warrant clinical attention. Results from ZINB models reveal that bereavement may aggravate the severity or number of existing externalizing symptoms among those who would exhibit externalizing problems regardless. Genetic liability for ADHD may not augment the prediction of risk for psychopathology after bereavement, although better-powered samples are needed.
Plain language summary
Drawing on data from a sample of 3,922 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK, researchers found that nearly 1 in 10 adolescents reported experiencing the death of a close friend between ages 12 and 16. Relative to those who did not experience the loss of a friend, bereaved adolescents demonstrated higher hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems scores at age 16.5. In this study, underlying genetic liability for ADHD did not meaningfully explain externalizing behavior scores after taking bereavement into account. This study reinforces the impacts of friend bereavement on adolescent mental health and calls for more clinical and methodological attention to this topic.