Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics

Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics play a pivotal role in modern clinical practice, facilitating procedures, managing anxiety, and ensuring adequate sedation in various healthcare settings. This article provides a comprehensive overview of their mechanisms of action, highlighting how these agents modulate central nervous system activity to achieve therapeutic effects. Benzodiazepines and α-2 adrenergic agonists are discussed as cornerstone agents, detailing their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. The article further explores the properties of intravenous (IV) and inhalational anaesthetic agents, comparing their efficacy, onset, duration of action, and safety profiles. Special emphasis is placed on the clinical scenarios dictating the choice of agents, as well as considerations for patient-specific factors such as co-morbidities and procedural requirements. By integrating pharmacological insights with practical applications, this review aims to guide clinicians in the optimal use of anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics, ensuring patient safety and procedural success.